Cross-Border Arbitrage And Free Trade

Free Trade at Border

Arbitrage-free exchange rate ensembles over a general trade network

It is assumed that under suitable economic and information-theoretic conditions, market exchange rates are free from arbitrage. Commodity markets in which trades occur over a complete graph are shown to be trivial. We therefore examine the vector space of no-arbitrage exchange rate ensembles over an arbitrary connected undirected graph. Consideration is given for the minimal information for det...

Informal cross - border trade and smuggling in Africa

The low level and discrepancies of recorded intraAfrican trade flows have been noted for at least 30 years (Berg 1985; Yeats 1990). This situation has continued or even expanded despite structural adjustment programs involving trade liberalization and extensive integration schemes aiming to promote formal integration. There are some 30 regional blocs in Africa, and on average each of the 53 cou...

Electronic Distribution and cross-border trade in Insurance Service

communication. Later on electronic connections have been established to other financial institutions and to major business customers. The SWIFT network managing international payment transactions established in 1973, is an early example of this. A major barrier towards development of a full digital circuit, which includes all steps in production and distribution, has been the lack of an extensi...

Sri Lanka Energy Supply Status and Cross Border Energy Trade

Energy supply in Sri Lanka is mainly based on three primary sources, namely hydroelectricity, biomass and petroleum. The supply from each of these sources is such that 11percent is attributable to hydroelectricity, 55 percent to biomass and 34 percent to petroleum oil products. Fuel-wood and other biomass such as coconut residues, paddy husks and sawdust are largely used for domestic cooking ac...